Secondary and primary radar stations are a composite part of the radio navigation equipment for ATM purposes. The main aid of radar control in the airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan is secondary surveillance radar (SSR). The primary surveillance radar (PSR) operates "on request" mode.

ATC units provide radar service and they use following call signs:

1. Air traffic control unit – CONTROL;
2. Approach control unit – APPROACH (APP);
3. Circuit control unit – CIRCUIT;
4. Aerodrome control tower – TOWER (TWR).

Coordinates and radar coverage areas are in table ENR-1.6. Table-6.

The radar control service is provided on airways and in aerodrome areas and it includes:

1. radar separation of arriving, departing and on en-route aircraft;
2. radar control of arriving, departing and on en-route aircraft in order to provide information to the aircraft crew about any significant deviations from the flight path;
3. radar guidance of aircraft (if necessary);
4. assistance to aircraft in an emergency;
5. warning and providing information about the location of other aircraft that could create a risk of hazardous situation;
6. providing information for navigation purposes;
7. provision of weather and hazardous weather condition information.

The minimum values of horizontal radar separation are:

1. by area control service - not less than 10 nautical miles;
2. by approach control service - not less than 5 nautical miles;
3. by aerodrome control service – the minimums are applied based on wake turbulence separation according to ICAO Doc.4444.

In the event of a radar failure, the aircraft crews are instructed to increase the separation values as for flights without radar control:

1. not less than 15 minutes for aircraft following on intersecting routes (at intersection angles of at least 70°);
2. not less than 10 minutes for aircraft following on the same flight level (altitude) along the same route under the air traffic control service and / or approach control service;
3. not less than 3 minutes for aircraft following on the same flight level (altitude) and the same route under aerodrome control service;
4. not less than 20 minutes before crossing the same direction or opposite flight level (altitude) occupied by another aircraft.

The ATS controller gives to the aircraft crew a command to execute the turns and, if the turns are observed, the controller continues to provide radar service to an aircraft.

In the event of a total failure of the onboard radio station in the airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the aircraft crew must perform the procedures for the radio equipment failure.

After communication failure in the Kazakhstan airspace, the pilot-in-command shall continue its flight in accordance with the flight plan, taking at the same time all measures to re-establish radio communication. For this purpose, he uses the channels of ACC, APP, supplementary radio stations and on-board radio stations of other aircraft.

If two-way communication was not re-established and the aircraft radio receivers are working fine, the aircraft crew shall nevertheless obtain the necessary flight information and the ATC instructions. For this purpose, he shall continuously monitor the radio communication channels of ground radio stations of the ACC and APP controllers, as well as the frequency of non-directional radio beacon and the VOR (DVOR) omnidirectional radio beacon of landing aerodrome or the nearest aerodrome along the route located in the ATS area.

In the case of radio communication failure while VFR flight performing, the aircraft shall proceed to the first landing aerodrome in accordance with the flight plan. If proceeding to the first landing aerodrome under VFR is impossible, the aircraft shall fly to the alternate aerodrome (departure aerodrome) where the weather conditions allow to land under VFR procedure. If the flight involves crossing Kazakhstan state border, the provisions of section ENR-1.6.1.1 should be applied.

Crossing the state border without radio communication is prohibited, except for cases when radio communication failure occurred in flight under the direct control of ATC unit of the Republic of Kazakhstan or after obtaining its clearance to cross the state border.

In the case of radio communication failure at a descending, the pilot-in-command reaches flight level (height) assigned earlier by the ATC unit and the aircraft is flying to the landing aerodrome at this level (height) with further approach to it by the established scheme.

In the case of radio communication failure after take-off, the pilot-in-command shall perform the flight by the established scheme and land at the departure aerodrome. In this case, the aircraft crew is allowed to land in meteorological conditions below the operating aerodrome minimum.

If a landing to an arriving aerodrome is impossible after balked landing or missed approach, the pilot-in-command should proceed to the alternate aerodrome according to the SID schemes climbing to the lowest safe flight level. Alternatively he should follow to the alternate aerodrome to backward direction of flight path on the nearest opposite lower FL stated in the flight plan or to the alternate aerodrome in the direction of flight path on the FL stated in the flight plan.

An aircraft returns to the departure aerodrome or diverts to an alternate aerodrome located to backward direction of flight path on the nearest opposite lower FL stated in the flight plan and not lower than the lowest safe flight level.

In the case of radio communication failure while IFR flight performing and transition from IFR to VFR is not possible, the aircraft:

1. in airspace where procedural separation is being applied, maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 20 minutes following the aircraft’s failure to report its position over a compulsory reporting point and thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan;
2. in airspace where an ATS surveillance system is used in the provision of air traffic control, maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 7 minutes following:
   • the time the last assigned level or minimum flight altitude is reached, or
   • the time the transponder is set to Code 7600, or
   • the aircraft’s failure to report its position over a compulsory reporting point, whichever is later and thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan.
3. when being radar vectored or having been directed by ATC to proceed offset using area navigation (RNAV) without a specified limit rejoin the current flight plan route no later than the next significant point, taking into consideration the applicable minimum flight altitude;
4. proceed according to the current flight plan route to the appropriate designated navigation aid or fix serving the destination aerodrome. Then it shall hold over this aid or fix until commencement of descent taking into account the provisions of below sub-item (e) if necessary;
5. commence descent from the navigation aid or fix at, or as close as possible to, the expected approach time last received and acknowledged; or, if no expected approach time has been received and acknowledged, at, or as close as possible to, the estimated time of arrival resulting from the current flight plan;
6. complete a normal instrument approach procedure as specified for the designated navigation aid or fix;
7. lands, if possible, within 30 (thirty) minutes after the estimated time of arrival or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever is later.

In the case of communication failure with the TOWER controller while executing a missed approach, the crew shall switch to other frequency with the RADAR or APPROACH controller and follow his instructions.

If the aircraft has not appeared and has not landed within 30 min for landing, all limitations for other aircraft at the aerodrome are removed.

Operating procedures of ATC transponder in mode A (4096 code) and mode C are subject to compulsory implementation.

When entering the airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan the pilot-in-command shall:

1. maintain the SSR code assigned by the controller of an ATC area adjacent to the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan until a new code is assigned;
2. set mode A code 2000 five minutes before border crossing of the airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan, if no SSR code was used in the adjacent area.

The pilot-in-command shall set the individual identification code assigned by ATC unit and switch-on the airborne identification equipment immediately after take-off from aerodromes of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

In emergency the pilot-in-command shall set the mode 7700 unless otherwise are directed by ATC.

If an unlawful interference occurred in crew performance and the aircraft are equipped with an SSR transponder, the pilot-in-command shall establish mode A code 7500.

If the failure of onboard SSR transponder was discovered before departure the pilot-in-command shall:

1. inform appropriate ATC unit about the aircraft transponder failure;
2. plan the flight to the landing aerodrome, where the transponder can be repaired;
3. insert a letter “N” in item 10 of the flight plan in the event of a total failure of transponder or indicate the nature of the failure in the event of a partial failure (in accordance with Doc 4444, Appendix 2).

In case of aircraft radio receiver failure, the pilot-in-command shall set mode A code 7600 and follow the established procedures.

The following codes are designated for Republic of Kazakhstan according to SSR code management plan (Doc 023): 05, 06, 11, 34 - transit; 35, 57, 45, 72 - domestic.

International SSR codes within territory of Republic of Kazakhstan are assigned according to following table: